"1. Title: Pittsburgh bridges 2. Sources: -- Yoram Reich & Steven J. Fenves Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Design Research Center Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Compiled from various sources. -- Donor: Yoram Reich (yoram.reich@cs.cmu.edu) -- Date: 1 August 1990 3. Past Usage: -- Reich & Fenves (1989). Incremental Learning for Capturing Design Expertise. Technical Report: EDRC 12-34-89, Engineering Design Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. -- Qualitative results and runs with original ordering of examples. using COBWEB. -- Reich (1989). Converging to ``Ideal'' Design Knowledge by Learning, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Formal Methods in Engineering Design, pp: 330-349, Colorado Springs, CO, January 1990. -- Describes a new design method with Bridger (variant of COBWEB) using this domain. (Also an EDRC report: 12-35-89) -- Reich (1989) Combining Nominal and Continuous Properties in an Incremental Learning System for Design. Technical Report: EDRC 12-33-89. -- Comparison of performance of Bridger when running on both versions (V1 and V2) of the database -- Reich (1989) Incremental Concept Formation with Mixed Property Types Unpublished Manuscript. -- Results using 10 random 10-fold cross-validation test with Bridger (relative error rate): Version V1 of the database: MATERIAL 18.4%, REL-L 38.7%, SPAN 42.7%, T-OR-D 14.7%, TYPE 47.6%. Version V2 of the database: MATERIAL 24.2%, REL-L 41.7%, SPAN 39.9%, T-OR-D 14.7%, TYPE 56.5%. -- Quinlan (1989) Personal communication. -- Results of a 10-fold cross-validation test with C4.5, and with a separate decision tree for each design property obtained the following error rates on version V1 of the database: MATERIAL 15%, REL-L 32%, SPAN 32%, T-OR-D 15%, TYPE 44%. 4. Number of instances: 108 5. Relevant Information: There are two versions to the database: V1 contains the original examples and V2 contains descriptions after discretizing numeric properties. There are no ``classes'' in the domain. Rather this is a DESIGN domain where 5 properties (design description) need to be predicted based on 7 specification properties. 6. Number of Attributes: 13: 7 specifications, 5 design description, and 1 identifier (not used for the classification) 7. Attribute Information: The type field state whether a property is continuous/integer (c) or nominal (n). For properties with c,n type, the range of continuous numbers is given first and the possible values of the nominal follow the semi-colon. name type possible values comments ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. IDENTIF - - identifier of the examples 2. RIVER n A, M, O 3. LOCATION n 1 to 52 4. ERECTED c,n 1818-1986 ; CRAFTS, EMERGING, MATURE, MODERN 5. PURPOSE n WALK, AQUEDUCT, RR, HIGHWAY 6. LENGTH c,n 804-4558 ; SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG 7. LANES c,n 1, 2, 4, 6 ; 1, 2, 4, 6 8. CLEAR-G n N, G 9. T-OR-D n THROUGH, DECK 10. MATERIAL n WOOD, IRON, STEEL 11. SPAN n SHORT, MEDUIM, LONG 12. REL-L n S, S-F, F 13. TYPE n WOOD, SUSPEN, SIMPLE-T, ARCH, CANTILEV, CONT-T 8. More complicated attributes: One can use a hierarchical structure for the Type property. There are two options. option 1 (use examples without modification) -------- Type / / \\ \\ / / \\ \\ wood suspen arch truss / | \\ / | \\ cantilev cont-t simple option 2 (requires changes in the Type property - specified bellow) -------- Type / / | \\ / / | \\ wood suspen arch truss / \\ / | \\ \\ / \\ / | \\ \\ tied-a not-tied cantilev cont-t simple arch-t Change the Type property of the following examples (in both V1 and V2): E28 -> arch-t E91,E90,E84,E83,E73 -> tied-a E97,E78,E77,E75,E66,E64,E43 -> not-tied 9. Missing Attribute Values: Attribute #: # instances with missing values: 2 1 6 27 7 16 8 2 9 6 10 2 11 16 12 5 13 3 Information about the dataset CLASSTYPE: nominal CLASSINDEX: no " "0" "bridges-version1" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "N" "nan" "nan" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "N" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "N" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "N" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "N" "G" "N" "G" "G" "G" "N" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "N" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "G" "E1" "E2" "E3" "E5" "E6" "E7" "E8" "E9" "E10" "E11" "E12" "E14" "E13" "E15" "E16" "E17" "E18" "E19" "E20" "E21" "E23" "E22" "E24" "E25" "E27" "E26" "E30" "E29" "E28" "E32" "E31" "E34" "E33" "E36" "E35" "E38" "E37" "E39" "E4" "E40" "E41" "E42" "E44" "E43" "E46" "E45" "E47" "E58" "E48" "E94" "E49" "E95" "E87" "E51" "E50" "E89" "E53" "E52" "E54" "E56" "E55" "E57" 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"STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "STEEL" "nan" "nan" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "AQUEDUCT" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "AQUEDUCT" "HIGHWAY" "AQUEDUCT" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "RR" "RR" "RR" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "AQUEDUCT" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "RR" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "RR" "RR" "RR" "RR" "RR" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "RR" "WALK" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "RR" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "HIGHWAY" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S" "S-F" "nan" "S" "S" "S" "nan" "F" "S" "nan" "nan" "F" "S" "F" "nan" "S" "F" "S" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "S" "F" "S" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "S" "F" "F" "F" "F" "S" "S" "F" "F" "S-F" "S-F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "S" "S-F" "S-F" "S-F" "S" "S-F" "F" "F" "S-F" "S-F" "S" "F" "F" "F" "S-F" "F" "S-F" "S-F" "S-F" "F" "S" "F" "S-F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "S-F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "F" "M" "A" "A" "A" "M" "A" "A" "M" "A" "A" "A" "M" "A" "A" "A" "M" "A" "A" "A" "M" "M" "A" "O" "M" "A" "M" "A" "A" "M" "A" "M" "O" "M" "O" "A" "M" "M" "A" "A" "M" "M" "M" "O" "M" "A" "M" "M" "A" "A" "M" "A" "M" "A" "M" "M" "M" "A" "M" "Y" "M" "A" "O" "O" "M" "O" "A" "A" "A" "A" "A" "A" "A" "A" "O" "A" "M" "M" "A" "M" "A" "M" "O" "O" "M" "M" "A" "A" "A" "A" "O" "Y" "Y" "M" "M" "M" "M" "A" "O" "O" "M" "A" "M" "A" "O" "M" "O" "A" "SHORT" "SHORT" "nan" "SHORT" "nan" "MEDIUM" "SHORT" "SHORT" "nan" "MEDIUM" "nan" "MEDIUM" "nan" "nan" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "SHORT" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "nan" "LONG" "SHORT" "nan" "nan" "nan" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "SHORT" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "SHORT" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "LONG" "LONG" "LONG" "nan" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "LONG" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "LONG" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "nan" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "LONG" "LONG" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "LONG" "LONG" "nan" "LONG" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "MEDIUM" "LONG" "LONG" "nan" "nan" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "DECK" "THROUGH" "DECK" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" "THROUGH" 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"SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SUSPEN" "ARCH" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "WOOD" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SUSPEN" "ARCH" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "CANTILEV" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "CANTILEV" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "CANTILEV" "CANTILEV" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "CONT-T" "SIMPLE-T" "SUSPEN" "ARCH" "ARCH" "SUSPEN" "SUSPEN" "CANTILEV" "ARCH" "CANTILEV" "CANTILEV" "ARCH" "CANTILEV" "SUSPEN" "SIMPLE-T" "ARCH" "ARCH" "SUSPEN" "CONT-T" "CANTILEV" "CONT-T" "SIMPLE-T" "CONT-T" "CANTILEV" "ARCH" "SIMPLE-T" "SIMPLE-T" "CONT-T" "CONT-T" "CANTILEV" "CONT-T" "SIMPLE-T" "CONT-T" "ARCH" "CONT-T" "CONT-T" "ARCH" "ARCH" "ARCH" "nan" "nan" 3 25 39 29 23 27 28 3 39 29 39 6 33 28 25 4 28 29 32 16 1 24 45 10 39 12 31 26 3 30 8 41 19 45 27 17 18 25 27 22 11 9 48 7 37 14 15 33 38 13 34 16 35 6 21 4 28 2 nan 23 36 49 43 10 41 24 37 31 30 29 32 27 26 46 38 5 1 30 20 25 17 40 42 6 11 34 39.5 39.7 38.5 48 52 51 23 22 14 19 37 42 47 1 33 9 24 44 7 43 28 nan 1037 nan 1000 nan 990 1000 1500 nan 1000 nan 1200 nan nan 1030 1000 1200 1000 1000 nan 1245 1200 nan nan nan 1150 nan 1080 1000 nan 1161 4558 1120 nan 1000 nan 1350 nan 1092 nan nan 2367 nan 1040 4000 2264 2000 1200 2000 nan 1850 1300 3000 1417 1154 1200 965 1504 1240 nan 1730 1620 1652 2210 2822 1000 2300 2122 nan 885 2365 860 884 1770 1508 2663 1330 2678 2220 860 2250 1365 1450 1500 1690 1800 1060 840 1710 2160 nan nan 1320 900 2423 1031 2300 804 1700 1000 980 2213 870 3756 950 nan nan 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 nan 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 nan 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 nan 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 nan 2 4 nan nan nan 2 2 2 nan 2 4 2 2 nan 4 4 4 4 2 nan 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 nan nan 2 4 4 4 4 nan 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 nan nan 1818 1819 1829 1837 1838 1840 1844 1846 1848 1851 1853 1856 1856 1857 1859 1863 1864 1866 1870 1874 1876 1876 1878 1882 1883 1883 1884 1884 1884 1887 1887 1888 1889 1890 1890 1891 1891 1892 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1896 1897 1897 1898 1900 1900 1901 1902 1903 1903 1903 1903 1904 1904 1904 1908 1909 1909 1910 1911 1914 1915 1915 1918 1920 1921 1923 1924 1926 1926 1927 1927 1927 1927 1928 1928 1928 1928 1931 1931 1931 1937 1939 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1950 1951 1951 1951 1955 1955 1959 1959 1961 1962 1969 1975 1978 1982 1986 "IDENTIF" "RIVER" "LOCATION" "ERECTED" "PURPOSE" "LENGTH" "LANES" "CLEAR-G" "T-OR-D" "MATERIAL" "SPAN" "REL-L" "TYPE" "IDENTIF" "RIVER" "double0" "int1" "PURPOSE" "double2" "CLEAR-G" "T-OR-D" "MATERIAL" "SPAN" "REL-L" "TYPE" "nominal:E1,E10,E100,E101,E102,E103,E105,E107,E107N,E108,E109,E11,E12,E13,E14,E15,E16,E17,E18,E19,E2,E20,E21,E22,E23,E24,E25,E26,E27,E28,E29,E3,E30,E31,E32,E33,E34,E35,E36,E37,E38,E39,E4,E40,E41,E42,E43,E44,E45,E46,E47,E48,E49,E5,E50,E51,E52,E53,E54,E55,E56,E57,E58,E59,E6,E60,E61,E62,E63,E64,E65,E66,E67,E68,E69,E7,E70,E71,E72,E73,E74,E75,E76,E77,E78,E79,E8,E80,E81,E82,E83,E84,E85,E86,E87,E88,E89,E9,E90,E91,E92,E93,E94,E95,E96,E97,E98,E99" "nominal:A,M,O,Y" "nominal:1,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,2,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,3,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,38.5,39,39.5,39.7,4,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,5,51,52,6,7,8,9" "numeric" "nominal:WALK,AQUEDUCT,RR,HIGHWAY" "numeric" "numeric" "nominal:N,G" "nominal:THROUGH,DECK" "nominal:WOOD,IRON,STEEL" "nominal:SHORT,MEDIUM,LONG" "nominal:S,S-F,F" "nominal:WOOD,SUSPEN,SIMPLE-T,ARCH,CANTILEV,CONT-T"